EXTRA Process

To access this process:

Enter "EXTRA" into the Command Line and press <ENTER>.
Display the Find Command screen, locate EXTRA and click Run.

See this process in the Command Table.

Process Overview

EXTRA is a general purpose EXpression TRAnslator that allows you to transform the contents of files by modifying fields and creating new ones based on the values of existing fields. EXTRA also makes it easy to calculate new fields in any file, based on existing fields and values.

Tip: If you're looking for examples of EXTRA usage, see EXTRA examples.

Before EXTRA starts to process records from the input file, it must define which fields will appear in the output file. It is important to understand that all decisions about fields in the output file are made before any records are processed.

Normally, the fields that appear in the output are:

All fields that are in the input file
Fields created in the transforms you specify.

EXTRA Key Concepts

Transform

EXTRA applies a “transform” to the contents of a file. It does this through one or more “statements”.

Statements

A transform consists of multiple statements. Statements are separated by spaces or new-lines. There are three kinds of statements

Assignment statements

Assignment statements evaluate an expression and assign the result to a field.

“IF” statements

“If” statements use the value of one or more expressions to execute other statements conditionally.

Procedure statements

Procedure statements do something but do not return a value. Some procedures (”erase”, “keep”, “saveonly”) require a list of field names (not expressions). The other procedures (”delete”, “exit”) don’t require any other information.

Expressions

Expressions are used in assignment and “If” statements. There are 4 types.

Simple expressions

A simple expression is a number, text string or field reference.

Arithmetic expressions

The value of an arithmetic expression is the result of applying the arithmetic operator (+, -, * or /) to the expressions on the left and right of the operator.

Relational expressions

The value of a relational expression, like “X < 2”, is 1.0 if the expression is “true” and 0.0 if it is “false”. They may be used anywhere an arithmetic expression may be used.

Function expressions

A function expression takes zero or more expressions in brackets to calculate a new value. For example, the value of “min(X, 2)” is the smaller of the values of the two expressions “X” and “2”.

The Expression Translator Screen

As a process, EXTRA displays a familiar "files, fields and parameters" type screen to allow an INput and OUTput file to be specified (you can also define retrieval criteria to filter the records to be processed. EXTRA is unusual as a process in that it triggers the display of another screen, the Expression Translator. This screen is used to determine the actual expression to be applied to the input data records that aren't filtered out by retrieval criteria.

Using the Expression Translator, you specify how you want the fields transformed in a simple and natural manner, for example, to create a new field "C" which calculates the average of two fields "A" and "B", you can create the following expression:

C = (A + B)/2

Clicking Execute in the Expression translator feeds the expression back into the EXTRA process, where the new field is created, and a value for each record is calculated.

EXTRA will continue to accept and compile transformations until you tell it to start processing the file. If you are using EXTRA interactively then processing is started by clicking the Execute button in the Expression Translator.

If you are running via a script or a macro then you must insert the keyword go after all transformation expressions to tell EXTRA to start processing. If you are recording to a script or a macro then the keyword gois inserted automatically for you.

See Expression Translator (EXTRA).

Expressions and Fields

Expressions can involve constants, field values or function values. These may be either numeric or alphanumeric. If an expression results in a numeric value, it must be assigned to a numeric field. Similarly, alphanumeric expressions must be assigned to alphanumeric fields.

An expression may be assigned to a field that already exists, or a new field may be created. New numeric fields may be created simply by assigning to them. To reinforce the fact that a new numeric field is being created, you may add ";n" to the end of the field name. For example

C;n = (A + B)/2

will create a new numeric field called "C" and assign the result of the expression to it. If you are creating a new alphanumeric field, you must append a field specification of the form a[len] to the field name, where [len] is the maximum number of characters that the field can contain. For example

BHID;a12 = join("BH", string(N, 0))

creates a new alphanumeric field BHID with a maximum of 12 characters ("a12").

Note: In EXTRA alphanumeric fields are limited to a maximum of 80 characters.

EXTRA can also be used to create implicit fields. See EXTRA examples.

Missing Fields

If EXTRA tries to use a field that does not exist, it will report an error and stop processing the file. This can be an inconvenience if you want to erase a field and are not sure if it exists.

There are now two ways to deal with this: either using the @FLDFAIL parameter or using the type() function's return value. See EXTRA examples.

Arithmetic Operations

EXTRA allows you to use a set of arithmetic and relational operations on values. There is an inferred precedence of operations:

Negation (e.g. A = -B)
Multiplication and division
Addition and subtraction

Therefore, an expression like "A = B * C + D * E" first multiplies the values of fields B and C, then multiplies D and E together, and adds the two results. You can use brackets where necessary to change the order in which transformations are performed, for example "A = B * (C + D) * E". There is no limit to the complexity of the expression that you can use.

Note: extend an expression over as many lines as is necessary. You may insert a line break anywhere, except within a word.

Character Operations

EXTRA offers a range of functions to manipulate alphanumeric (character) fields. The value assigned to a character field must be a character constant, or the result of a character expression, such as

join("RDH", substr(BHID,4,3))

A character constant is a string of characters enclosed in double quotes (e.g. "RDH034"). EXTRA does not recognise single quotes as character constant delimeters.

Missing, dash or minus?

The character "-" has three meanings within your application and EXTRA. In your application, it is used as shorthand for "-infinity", which is the value used to denote missing values of numeric fields. It is a legal character in a field name (such as "NUM-FLDS"), and in EXTRA it is used as a subtraction operator.

EXTRA resolves these ambiguities as follows:

Normally, "-" is an arithmetic subtraction operator.
If used in a field name, the name must be enclosed in single quotes, e.g. 'NUM-FLDS' = 2
To check for a missing value for a numeric field, compare with the value returned by the absent() function (see below).

To create an alphanumeric field, the field type descriptor is required. If you wish to create field of this type containing a minus character, you will need to also include the type descriptor within the quotes, for example:

'A-1;a4' = "abcd" is correct, whereas;

'A-1';a4 = "abcd" is incorrect, and will generate a syntax error.

Reserved characters

As well as - (minus), the following are reserved characters: + / * = < > ( ). If a field name includes one of these characters it must be enclosed in single quotes. For example: 'g/t'

Field or function?

Sometimes, you might want to use or create a field with the same name as one of the built-in functions. For example, your input file might contain a field called "max", and you want to update this by comparing it with another grade field. You need to help EXTRA to tell when max is a field name, and when it is a function name. Do this by placing the field name in single quotes, for example:

'max' = max('max', grade)

Relational Operations

In addition to arithmetic operators, EXTRA also provides relational operators. These are normally used in evaluating conditions ("if" tests), as described below, but they may be used elsewhere. The relational operators are:

==	equal to
!=	not equal to
<>	not equal to
<	less than
<=	less than or equal to
>	greater than
>=	greater than or equal to

If a relationship is "true", then the relational operator evaluates to 1.0, otherwise if a relationship is "false", the operator evaluates to 0.0. For example, the following creates a new field called CHECK, and assigns it the value 1.0 if the value of field FROM is greater than or equal to the value of the field TO:

CHECK = (FROM >= TO)

(It is, in fact, unnecessary to use brackets here, because relational operations have a lower precedence than arithmetic or assignment operations. They appear here to clarify what happens).

Combining relational expressions

You can use the keywords "and" and "or" to combine relational (and other) expressions. For example, you can say

CHECK = (FROM >= TO and FROM >= prev(FROM))

This assigns 1.0 to the field CHECK if FROM is greater than or equal to TO and FROM is greater than or equal to the same field on the previous record.

Conditional Execution

EXTRA provides full support for conditional execution of transformations. This is achieved through the use of the if, else, elseif and end keywords. An example of where this might be used is as follows:

ERRORS = 0
if (FROM < TO or FROM < prev(FROM))
ERRORS = ERRORS + 1
end

This fragment begins by initializing a field called ERRORS to zero. (If the field does not exist, it is created automatically). EXTRA then compares the FROM and TO fields and the FROM field with the value on the previous record. If this is "true", EXTRA executes transformations following the if, up to a matching end. There can, of course, be any number of transformations after the if test.

The transformations could be extended, for example

ERRORS = 0
if (FROM < TO or FROM < prev(FROM))
ERRORS = ERRORS + 1
elseif (GRADE > 20)
ERRORS = ERRORS + 1
end

Note that for each if there must be a matching end. There may be as many elseif's as you wish, and one else if necessary.

Tip: IF-ELSEIF-END statements should be used where multiple conditions need to be evaluated. This is because EXTRA can detect a matching condition in a single 'run', whilst having multiple END-IF statements instead will mean EXTRA must evaluate every condition independently, which can be much slower if there are many conditions to check. See EXTRA examples.

Note: elseif is one word. EXTRA will recognise else if as the beginning of an else followed by a new (nested) if. The new if must be completed by it's own matching end.

If...end constructions may be embedded within other if...end's.

There is no limit to the depth to which you may sink while doing this!

Functions

EXTRA provides a long list of functions that can be used in transforming fields. A function is identified by its name, followed by a list of zero or more arguments enclosed in brackets. The brackets must be specified, even if the number of values passed to the function is zero. A function always returns a value. This value may be assigned to a field, or it may be used as a term in a transformation. Examples of EXTRA statements using functions are:

sx = sqrt(X)
c = sqrt(a*a + b*b - 4*a*c*cos(ac))
BIGEST = max(G1, (G2+G3)/2, G4, G5)

Numeric Functions

EXTRA provides the following functions which all take numeric values as arguments and return a numeric value. For trigonometrically functions all angles are in degrees.

Function name	Arguments	Returns
abs	X	The absolute (positive) value of X
absent	none	The Datamine "absent data" value
acos	X	The angle whose cosine is X
asin	X	The angle whose sine is X
atan	X	The angle whose tangent is X
cos	X	The cosine of X
exp	X	The constant "e" raised to the power of X
int	X	The integer part of X
log	X	The base-10 logarithm of X
loge, logn	X	The base-"e" logarithm of X
max	X1, X2, X3, ...	The maximum value of X1, X2, X3, ...
maxia	X1, X2, X3, ...	The maximum value of X1, X2, X3, ... ignoring absent arguments.
min	X1, X2, X3, ...	The minimum value of X1, X2, X3, ... ignoring absent arguments. For example: minia(absent(), 100, 2) = 2 min(absent(), 100, 2) = absent)
minia	X1, X2, X3, ...	The minimum value of X1, X2, X3, ...
mod, modc	X, Y	The remainder when X is divided by Y
phi	X	The inverse normal distribution function
pow, rais	X, Y	The value of X raised to the power of Y
round	X, Y	Round off the value X to the nearest multiple of Y. Equivalent to Y*int(X/Y + 0.5)
sin	X	The sine of X
special	X	One of your application's "special" values (see below)
sqrt	X	The square root of X
tan	X	The tangent of X

Scientific Notation

EXTRA will interpret numbers like "1.23e-4" as being "1.23 times 10 to the power of -4" = 0.000123. As such "e" can be used to define an exponent of a numeric value.

"Special" Values

The special(X) function returns a "special" numeric value, depending on the argument given. The argument must evaluate to a character string.

Argument	Value returned
"TOP" or "+"	The Datamine value for +infinity, sometimes referred to as "Top"
"BOTTOM" or "-"	The Datamine value for -infinity, sometimes referred to as "Bottom". This is the same value as is used for missing (absent) values for numeric fields.
"TR" or "DL"	The Datamine "trace" value (1.0e-30)
"PI"	The numeric constant "pi" (3.14159...)
"E"	The numeric constant "e" (2.71828...)

Record Selection Functions

The following functions may be used to select field values from adjacent records. The functions return a numeric or alphanumeric value, depending on the type of the field supplied as an argument. All values passed to these functions must be the names of fields.

Function name	Arguments	Returns
prev	X	The value of field X from the previous record
next	X	The value of field X from the next record

If processing the first record, prev(X) returns a "missing value" (i.e. the same value as absent()). Similarly, when processing the last record (i.e. the last record that matches current retrieval criteria), next(X) returns a missing value.

Do not use the prev function if the previous record has been deleted using delete procedure as the result will be undetermined.

The following functions may be used to test whether a record is the first or last in a file.

Function name	Arguments	Returns
first	none	If processing the first record, returns 1.0, otherwise returns 0.0
last	none	If processing the last record, returns 1.0, otherwise returns 0.0

In all cases with these functions, "first" and "last" mean "the first (or last) record that matches current retrieval conditions".

The first() and last() functions are normally used within conditional tests, e.g.

if (first())
sumX = X
else
sumX = sumX + prev(X)
end

Default Field Values

The default() function returns the default value of the field specified. The value passed to this function must be the name of a field in the current file, otherwise the error is reported and EXTRA terminates.

Function name	Arguments	Returns
default	X	The default value of field X. The value returned will be either numeric or alphanumeric, depending on the type of the field passed as the argument.

Note: default() is a function, and it returns the default value of a field; you cannot set the default value of a field using EXTRA. In other words, it is incorrect to specify default(AU) = 10.0#

Using @APPROX

Rounding errors are sometimes introduced by numerical calculations or when legacy single precision files are converted to extended precision. Setting @APPROX=1 specifies that EXTRA will allow for rounding errors when making comparisons between numeric values.

Functions for Alphanumeric Fields

The following functions are provided for the manipulation of alphanumeric fields:

Function name	Arguments	Returns
decode	A	The numeric value of the first set of numeric characters embedded in A
field	F1	The contents of a field. The field name must be supplied as a string - for example, field ("AU"). This allows field names with otherwise prohibited characters, such as '-', to be referenced. This function can only be used for getting the value of a field - not for setting it.
join	A1, A2, A3, ...	The concatenation of the alphanumeric values A1, A2, A3, ...
lcase	A	Returns the string given as an argument, with all upper case letters converted to lower case
len	A	The length (up to the first trailing space) of A
match	A, P	The position where a regular expression P matches characters in A
string	N, M	The numeric value N, converted to a string with M decimals. If M is omitted, the function uses a general-purpose numeric format.
substr	A, N, M	Returns a sub-string, consisting of M characters taken from A, starting with character N. If M is omitted, all characters from N to the end are returned.
trim	A	Returns the value of A with trailing spaces removed
ucase	A	Returns the string given as an argument, with all lower case letters converted to upper case

Notes for Alphanumeric functions

The match() function uses character patterns known as "regular expressions". A regular expression consists of a sequence of literal characters to be matched, or one or more of the following elements:

%	Matches the beginning of the field value
$	Matches the end of the field value
*	Zero or more occurrences of the preceding pattern element
?	Any single character
[...]	Any one of the characters enclosed in the square brackets. The shorthand notation "a-z" means any lowercase letter.
[^...]	Any character except one of these

The special meaning of a character (e.g. "*") is lost if the character is preceded by "\", hence to match a literal "*", use "\*".

Be careful when you use the trim() function to create a new character field. Character fields in a database file are always padded out to the declared length with spaces. For example, consider the command:

STRING1;A12 = trim(" ABC ")

In this case, the trim() function removes both the leading and trailing blanks, but assigning the result to the STRING1 field will add 9 trailing spaces to the stored value ("ABC "). The trim command is designed to be used as an argument to another command. For example:

STRING2;A12 = join(trim(STRING1), "XYZ")

This will create STRING2by adding the characters "XYZ" after the last non blank character in STRING1.

Procedures

A "procedure", unlike a function, does not return any value. It just carries out some action. EXTRA provides three procedures:

Procedure	Arguments	Description
erase	F1, F2, F3, ...	Erases the fields F1, F2, F3, ... from the output file
saveonly	F1, F2, F3, ...	Erases all fields except F1, F2, F3, ... from the output file. If used more than once, only the values in the last saveonly are honoured.
delete	none	Deletes the current record

Adding Comments

EXTRA statements can be supported by comments, for example:

!START M1

!EXTRA &IN(MOD2), &OUT(t)

# Comment 1

NEWFLD = 1

# Comment 2

NEWFLD2=9999

# Comment 3

!END

Comments are not supported within IF loops. The following statement, for example, will cause EXTRA to fail:

VAL2 = PVALUE*1.5

if (VAL2 == 8)

# comment is here

VAL5 = 5

END

Input Files

Name	Description	I/O Status	Required	Type
IN	Input file.	Input	Yes	Undefined

Output Files

Name	I/O Status	Required	Type	Description
OUT	Output	Yes	Undefined	Output file.

Parameters

Name	Description	Required	Default	Range	Values
APPROX	Allow for rounding errors when making comparisons 0 = Exact comparisons 1 = Approximate comparisons	No	0	0, 1	0, 1
SEED	Seed number for pseudo-random number sequence	No	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined
FLDFAIL	Controls if missing fields cause an error or not. 0 = Missing fields do not cause an error. 1 = Missing fields cause an error.	No	1	0, 1	0, 1
PRINT	Display output to command processor 0 = do nothing 1 = show all code in the output window during processing.	No	0	0, 1	0, 1

EXTRA Examples

See EXTRA examples.

Error and Warning Messages

Message	Description	Solution
>>> Fatal error: No room to create new field: A257	Not enough room left in file to add field	Remove unnecessary fields or consider activating .dmx file support.